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In 1998, Eurasia Group founder Ian Bremmer made a name for himself when he successfully predicted the collapse of the Russian ruble. Since then, Bremmer has turned offering his political science insights into a successful business, helping companies understand geopolitical risk as they shape their global strategies. Bremmer joined David to talk about his rise from Chelsea, Massachusetts to Wall Street, what he believes could happen with the Russia-Ukraine conflict, China, the risks of the US stepping back from global leadership, and why a looming Constitutional crisis is not enough to create real change in America.
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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has spread rapidly: from the first case in Dec 2019, the declaration of a global pandemic in Mar 2020, to Jun 18, 2020 with >8 M confirmed cases and >400,000 deaths worldwide. Throughout this rapid spread, Gilead has focused on contributing antiviral expertise and resources to help patients (pts) and communities fighting COVID-19 METHODS: Gilead is supporting the efforts of governments, partnering with professionals, and community-based org., and collaborating with healthcare providers to accelerate research and access to remdesivir (RDV), the first medicine with demonstrated efficacy in treatment of COVID-19. This is a review of the programs initiated in RDV research, access, research grants and collaborative education RESULTS: In Jan 2020 Gilead began working with government and regulatory authorities to make RDV accessible to pts globally through the compassionate use and expanded access programs. These programs has treated >2000 COVID-19 pts. By Feb 2020, several phase 3 randomized trials on RDV were initiated. Based on trials completed and published data (n= >2000), RDV was granted emergency use authorization in the US on May 1, 2020 with full approval in 5 countries thereafter and several under review elsewhere. Collectively there will be >12,000 pts enrolled in RDV clinical programs by Dec 2020. Increasing manufacturing of RDV began at-risk in Jan 2020. By May 2020 Gilead has decreased production time, increased supply and committed to donating all its 1.5 M doses. Under the licensing agreements with generic drug manufacturers, RDV will be available in 127 countries upon approval. Gilead has committed to supporting research grants to enhance the understanding of the clinical course and outcomes in vulnerable population, long-term sequelae, and evaluate real world safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 therapies. Finally, Gilead has provided corporate grants to support the efforts of community-based orgs and public health entities to expand education on COVID-19 ...

Byzantium and Western Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Codex Justinianus: children of the unfree ; Novella 146: On Jews ; Excerpt from the Visigothic Code ; The Farmer's Law, from Byzantium ; The laws of Alfred, Guthrum, and Edward the Elder ; The laws of King Alfred -- The Catholic Church and its vicissitudes. Four documents from the Investiture controversy ; A truce of God, Decree of the Emperor Henry IV ; The Crusaders in Mainz, May 27, 1096 ; Excerpt from "The capture of Jerusalem" ; Excerpt from Historia Constantinopolitana ; Statute in favor of the princes ; Report from China ; Letter to Gregory XI -- England and France. The Assize of Clarendon ; Letter from Peter of Blois to Queen Eleanor of England ; Excerpt from Dialogue Concerning the Exchequer ; On the rules of love and chivalry ; Magna Carta ; Three summonses to the Parliament of 1295 ; Ordinances of the Merchant Gild of Southampton ; The Battle of Poitiers, from The Chronicles of Froissart ; Excerpts from The Book of the City of Ladies ; Excerpt from The Treasure of the City of Ladies ; Letter to the King of England from Joan of Arc ; Excerpt from the trial of Joan of Arc -- The Near East and beyond. The Pact of Umar: Peace Accord to the Christians of Syria ; Ibn Battuta makes the pilgrimage to Mecca and travels to Baghdad ; Ibn Battuta's travels in Cairo, Damascus, and Jerusalem ; Ibn Battuta's travels to Mali -- Philosophy, religion, and science. On fate and providence, from The Consolation of Philosophy ; Excerpt from St. Anslem's Proslogium, or Discourse on the Existence of God ; "In behalf of the fool": a response to St. Anselm ; Prologue to Sic et Non ; "Of the perils of his abbey," from Abelard's Historia Calamitatum ; Testament of St. Francis ; On the principles of nature ; Excerpt from Summa Theologica ; "On experimental science" ; Excerpt from The Love of Books.

Summary. The history, taxonomy, distribution and cultivation requirements of the South African Lachenalia peersii Marloth ex W.F. Barker (Hyacinthaceae) are discussed; a full botanical description and illustration are provided.

Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Part I: On the Apraxia Argument -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Skepticism as a Nihilistic Thought in Modern Times -- 1.2 Hume and Apraxia Revisited -- Chapter 2: Apraxia and the Development of Ancient Skepticisms -- 2.1 Preliminary Considerations -- 2.2 Proto-Skepticisms -- 2.3 The Life of Pyrrho -- 2.4 Pyrrho´s Messamates -- 2.5 From Timon to Arcesilaus? -- Chapter 3: Academics X Stoics -- 3.1 Arcesilaus Attacks -- 3.2 Carneades -- 3.3 Clitomachus -- Chapter 4: Sextus Empiricus -- 4.1 The Legacy of Skepticisms up to Sextus -- 4.2 The Rustic and the Urban Interpretations -- 4.3 The Urbans and Their Beliefs -- 4.4 The Rustics and Their Beliefs -- 4.5 Urbans and Rustics in Diaphonia -- 4.6 Paving the Suburban Terrain -- 4.7 Testing H1 -- 4.8 Summarizing -- 4.9 Testing H2 -- 4.10 A Twillight Zone -- 4.11 The Second Formulation of Speech Acts and Skepticism -- 4.12 A Provisional Conclusion -- Part II: The Skeptic and the Crafts -- Chapter 5: Sextus Empiricus and the Elements -- 5.1 An Interlude on Skepticism and Medicine -- 5.2 The Refutation to the Elements in General -- 5.3 The Refutation of the Grammatical Notion of Letters as Specific Elements of Words -- 5.4 Back to the Feasibility -- Chapter 6: Sextus Against the Rhetoricians -- 6.1 General Scheme of the Argument of Adv. Rhet. -- 6.2 Adv. Rhet. Walkthrough (the Search for the Definition of Rhetoric) -- 6.3 The Refutations to the Available Definitions (Rhetoric Definition as Techne) -- 6.4 The Refutations to the Definitions of Rhetoric as Science of Discourse and Producer of Persuasion -- 6.5 Adv. Rhet. 73-113 -- Chapter 7: Sextus and a Positive Conception of Techne -- 7.1 Galen Again -- Chapter 8: Final Remarks: On the Reception of Skeptical Arguments and Their Transmission -- Appendices.